Visualization and visual analytics involve a range of cognitive activities. Many aspects of these processes are unexplained by existing theories and experiments in either visualization or psychology. Fundamental questions remain, such as the goals and measures of visualization effectiveness, especially when the representation is less precise than the data. Addressing these questions and explaining other real-world phenomena in visualization and visual analytics is critical to advancing visualization, data science, and psychology. Moreover, as visualization techniques are designed to enhance human cognition, further development should leverage the theoretical, empirical, and methodological knowledge established in the behavioural sciences. This integration presents opportunities for new discoveries relevant to both Visualization and Psychology.

Numerous branches of applied psychology are recognized as academic disciplines with their own conferences and journals, this is not yet the case for the field lying at the intersection of visualization and cognitive psychology. Given the vital role of interactive visualization and visual analytics in human-centric processes, there is a strong case for developing this area, Visualization Psychology, in a structured and systematic manner.

This Dagstuhl Seminar aims to bring together leading experts to establish Visualization Psychology as a distinct interdisciplinary field. The seminar will facilitate in-depth discussions, foster collaborative research initiatives, and help define the foundational principles and research agendas of this promising new field. We plan to seed and structure the discussions according to the following themes:

• The Role of Psychological Theory in Visualization: We will explore how theories and methods from branches of scholarly psychology (e.g., social, developmental, educational psychology, etc.) can inform the design and use of interactive visualizations, ensuring they are effective and psychologically sound.
• The Role of Visualization in Psychology: We will explore how visualization and visual analytics can become rich playgrounds for fundamental discoveries in psychology and cognitive science to establish foundational connections between visualization and psychology theory and methods.

• The Psychology of Visual Perception and High-level Cognition: Exploring how humans interpret complex visualizations and the high-level cognitive processes involved in visual data processing of complex tasks (uncertainty interpretation, trust vs trustworthiness, etc.).
• Enactive Cognition in Dynamic Visualization Environments: Understanding visually-guided action for causal analysis, decision-making, and other cognitive tasks and how they can best be facilitated by interactive visualization environments.
• Inclusivity in Visualization: Addressing the challenges of creating interactive visualizations accessible for different cultures, areas of expertise, and diverse cognitive and physical abilities (e.g., spatial thinking and representation for visualization).
• Ethical Considerations in Visualization: Considering the ethical and moral implications of visualization design in relation to social cognition concepts (e.g., joint intentionality in moral psychology) for better data transparency and understanding, and to better support dialectic and dialogic reasoning and collaborative decision-making in diverse groups.
• Behavioral Prediction: Identifying drivers influencing machine learning models prediction of user behavior based on interaction with visual data presentations and how these can be used towards better integration of human-AI collaboration in analysis and decision-making.

We hope this Dagstuhl Seminar will lay the groundwork and spark discussions for the development of this core field, and its continuation across venues such as IEEE VIS/ACM CHI and CogSci meetings.

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Rita Borgo, Brian D. Fisher, and Alvitta Ottley